Switching Regulators Features in the Matching Mode Operation
Main Article Content
Abstract
Currently, various types of non-traditional and renewable sources of electrical energy are widely used. If the energy carrier of such sources is free, in the process of operation it is advisable to select the maximum possible power from them, regardless of the fact that the utilization factor of the source's electrical energy in this case may be relatively low. To obtain the maximum amount of electrical energy from the source, two conditions must be met: 1) the source must be brought to the maximum power point (МPP); 2) energy from the source must be taken continuously. As you know, to bring the source into the MPP, it is necessary that the load resistance be equal to the output resistance of the source. Otherwise, the power will be taken from the source, which is less than the maximum possible. Therefore, in cases where the load resistance differs from the output resistance of the source, a matching switching regulator is turned on between the source and the load to match the output resistance of the source with the load resistance. In this case, the input impedance of the switching regulator will be the load of the source. This resistance depends on the load resistance of the regulator, as well as on the relative time of the closed (open) state of the controlled switch S of the regulator t*. Thus, by adjusting the parameter t*, it is possible to ensure the fulfillment of the condition for removing the source into the MPP at various values of the load resistance. In this case, the maximum possible power of the source will be transferred to the load, regardless of the value of its resistance.
The dependence of the output parameters of the switching regulator on the parameter t* describe its regulation characteristics. Since, when operating in the maximum power transmission mode, the internal resistance of the source and the load resistance are of the same order of magnitude, when determining the regulating characteristics of the regulator, the internal resistance of the source must be taken into account.
The aim of the work is to analyze the control characteristics of the regulator, which operates in the mode of transferring maximum power from the source of electrical energy to the load, as well as to determine the conditions under which it is possible and advisable to operate in this mode. These issues were analyzed using the example of the two most common switching regulator circuits - step-down and step-up regulators. It is shown in the work that, in contrast to the up-type switching regulator, in the down-type regulator, the energy from the power source is taken in discrete portions. Therefore, it can ensure the selection of maximum power from the source only in the t* = 1 mode at a certain value of the load resistance. To ensure continuous extraction of energy from the source, at the input of the switching regulator of the step-down type, it is necessary to install a capacitance of sufficient value. In this case, the circuit can provide maximum power transfer from the source at different load resistances. The paper presents the adjusting characteristics of the analyzed circuits for the case of their operation in the mode of transferring maximum power from the power source to the load, which makes it possible to determine the parameter t* at which the power source is output to the MPP. It is shown that each of the considered circuits can provide the output of the power supply to the MPP only in a certain range of variation of the load resistance of the regulator. For each regulator, an appropriate range of variation of the t* parameter is indicated, depending on whether the power source is a voltage source or a current source.
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
Cabal, C., Martínez-Salamero, L., Séguier, L., et al.: Maximum power point tracking based on sliding-mode control for output-series connected converters in photovoltaic systems, IET Power Electron., 2013, № 7 (4), pp. 914–923 https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0348.
Bessonov, L.A. Teoreticheskiye osnovy elektrotekhniki. V 2 t. Tom 1. Elektricheskiye tsepi: uchebnik dlya vuzov [Theoretical Foundations of Electrical Engineering. In 2 volumes. Volume 1. Electric circuits: textbook for universities] - 12th ed., Rev. and add. - Moscow: Yurayt Publishing House, 2020 .-- 831 p. - ISBN 978-5-534-10731-9.
Ali, A.N.A., Saied, M.H., Mostafa, M.Z. and Abdel-Moneim, T.M. A Survey of Maximum PPT Techniques of PV Systems. IEEE Energytech, Cleveland, 29-31 May 2012, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1109/EnergyTech.2012.6304652
Elgendy, M.A., Zahawi, B. and Atkinson, D.J. Assessment of Perturb and Observe MPPT Algorithm Implementation Techniques for PV Pumping Applications. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Volume 3(1), 2012, 21-33. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2011.2168245
Subudhi, B. and Pradhan, R. A Comparative Study on Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Photovoltaic Power Systems. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 4, 89-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2012.2202294
Romashko V.YA. Ustroystva soglasovaniya nagruzki s istochnikom elektricheskoy energii [Devices for matching the load with a source of electrical energy], Energosberezhenie. Energy. Energy audit. Vol. 1 No. 8, 2013 рр. 67-74. http://eee.khpi.edu.ua/article/view/113919
Olalla, C., Clement, D., Rodriguez, M., et al. ‘Architectures and control of submodule integrated dcdc converters for photovoltaic applications’, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 2013, 28, (6), pp. 2980–2997 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2012.2219073
Garza, J.G., Chong, B., Zhang, L. ‘Control of integrated Cuk converter and photovoltaic modules for maximum power generation’. Third IEEE Int. Symp. on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG), June 2012, pp. 175–181 https://doi.org/10.1109/PEDG.2012.6253997
Y. P. Goncharov, O. V. Budonny, V. G. Morozov, M. V Panasenko, V. Y. Romashko, V. S. Rudenko, Peretovyuvalna technicala. Navchalnyi posibnyk. Chastyna 2 [Power conversion equipment. Tехt book. Part 2]., Kharkiv: Folіo, 2000. ISBN 966-03-0697-0.
Romashko, V. J. «Rehulyuvalʹni kharakterystyky IR z urakhuvannyam vnutrishnʹoho oporu dzherela elektrozhyvlennya [Regulation characteristics of switching regulators with taking into account the internal resistance of power supply], MìkrosistElektronAkust, 2017, vol. 22, no. 6, p 29 – 34, https://doi.org/10.20535/2523-4455.2017.22.6.81414.
Reisi, A.R.; Moradi, M.H.; Jamasb, S. Classification and comparison of maximum power point tracking techniques for photovoltaic system: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013, 19, 433–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.052
Ram, J.P.; Babu, T.S.; Rajasekar, N. A comprehensive review on solar PV maximum power point tracking techniques. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 67, 826–847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.076
Shebani, M.M.; Iqbal, T.; Quaicoe, J.E. Comparing bisection numerical algorithm with fractional short circuit current and open circuit voltage methods for MPPT photovoltaic systems. In Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Electrical Power and Energy Conference (EPEC), Ottawa, ON, Canada, 12–14 October 2016; pp. 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/EPEC.2016.7771689
Amri, B.; Ashari, M. The comparative study of Buck-boost, Cuk, Sepic and Zeta converters for maximum power point tracking photovoltaic using P&O method. In Proceedings of the 2015 2nd International Conference on Information Technology, Computer, and Electrical Engineering (ICITACEE), Semarang, Indonesia, 16–18 October 2015; pp. 327–332. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICITACEE.2015.7437823
Park, M.; Yu, I.A. Study on the optimal voltage for MPPT obtained by surface temperature of solar cell. In Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Busan, South Korea, 2–6 Novemver 2004; Volume 30, pp. 2040–2045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IECON.2004.1432110
Subudhi, B.; Pradhan, R. A Comparative Study on Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Photovoltaic Power Systems. IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy 2013, 4, 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2012.2202294
Rezk, H.; Eltamaly, A.M. A comprehensive comparison of different MPPT techniques for photovoltaic systems. Sol. Energy 2015, 112, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2014.11.010
Tousi, S.M.R.; Moradi, M.H.; Basir, N.S.; Nemati, M. A functionbased maximum power point tracking method for photovoltaic systems. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2016, 31, 2120–2128. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2015.2426652
Verma, D.; Nema, S.; Shandilya, A.; Dash, S.K. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques: Recapitulation in solar photovoltaic systems. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2016, 54, 1018–1034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.068
Bhatnagar, P.; Nema, R. Maximum power point tracking control techniques: State-of-the-art in photovoltaic applications. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013, 23, 224–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.02.011
Reisi, A.R.; Moradi, M.H.; Jamasb, S. Classification and comparison of maximum power point tracking techniques for photovoltaic system: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013, 19, 433–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.052
Kamarzaman, N.A.; Tan, C.W. A comprehensive review of maximum power point tracking algorithms for photovoltaic systems. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2014, 37, 585–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.045
Koutroulis, E.; Blaabjerg, F. Overview of Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Photovoltaic Energy Production Systems. Electr. Power Components Syst. 2015, 43, 1329–1351. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325008.2015.1030517
Ahmad, R.; Murtaza, A.F.; Sher, H.A. Power tracking techniques for e_cient operation of photovoltaic array in solar applications - A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2019, 101, 82–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.10.015
Belhachat, F.; Larbes, C. Comprehensive review on global maximum power point tracking techniques for PV systems subjected to partial shading conditions. Sol. Energy 2019, 183, 476–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.03.045
Ishaque, K.; Chin, V.J. A review of maximum power point tracking techniques of PV system for uniform insolation and partial shading condition. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013, 19, 475–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.032
Bastidas-Rodríguez, J.D.; Spagnuolo, G.; Franco, E.; Ramos-Paja, C.A.; Petrone, G. Maximum power point tracking architectures for photovoltaic systems in mismatching conditions: A review. IET Power Electron. 2014, 7, 1396–1413. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0406
Liu, Y.-H.; Chen, J.-H.; Huang, J.-W. A review of maximum power point tracking techniques for use in partially shaded conditions. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 41, 436–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.08.038
Liu, L.; Meng, X.; Liu, C. A review of maximum power point tracking methods of PV power system at uniform and partial shading. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2016, 53, 1500–1507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.065
Chauhan, U.; Rani, A.; Singh, V.; Kumar, B. A Modified Incremental Conductance Maximum Power Point Technique for Standalone PV System. In Proceedings of the 2020 7th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN); Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2020; pp. 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SPIN48934.2020.9071156