Огляд мікрофабрикованих ультразвукових систем для біомедичних застосувань

Основний зміст сторінки статті

Роман Юрійович Костюк
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9575-2599
д-р техн. наук проф. Сергій Анатолійович Найда
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-2929

Анотація

Використання ультразвуку (УЗ) в медичній промисловості інтенсивно розвивалося протягом останніх восьми десятиліть, і наразі різноманітність медичних застосувань включає широкий спектр діагностичних можливостей, які задовольняють вимогам загальної фізичної діагностики, офтальмології, кардіології, отоларингології, онкології, акушерства та гінекології, гастроентерології, анестезіології тощо.


Технології, які використовуються в медичному ультразвуковому дослідженні, рухалися вперед від простих одновимірних сканерів до складних систем візуалізації, а також мініатюризованих носимих або імплантованих ультразвукових датчиків.


П’єзоелектричні матеріали стали стандартом у медичному ультразвуковому діагностуванні. Цій технології притаманний ряд особливостей, а саме необхідність узгодження імпедансів та вимоги до розширення робочого діапазону частот системи. Перше призводить до втрат потужності під час передачі акустичної енергії, тоді як друге має вирішальне значення для забезпечення якісної роздільної здатності і, як наслідок, впливає на деталізацію опису уражень або анатомічних особливостей органів людини. Іншим аспектом є сумісність з біологічними тканинами, що призвело до різноманіття синтезованих п’єзокерамічних матеріалів.


Одночасно із розвитком п’єзоелектричних матеріалів, відбулось розширення можливостей мікроелектронного виробництва, що спричинило прорив у розробці ультразвукових перетворювачів завдяки винаходу так званих мікрооброблених ультразвукових перетворювачів (МУП). Такі перетворювачі є багатообіцяючою технологією, яка може допомогти досягти ряду переваг порівняно зі звичайними п’єзокерамічними пристроями, таких як сумісність з платформами спеціалізованих інтегральних мікросхем, внаслідок чого підвищується загальна надійність електронної системи, а також мінімізації проблем, пов’язаних з безпекою пацієнтів. Вони також забезпечують можливість зменшити енергоспоживання системи за допомогою складної енергоефективної схеми обробки і покращити узгодження імпедансів. Ще одна перевага МУП полягає в тому, що вони мають кращу відповідність між елементами ультразвукового масиву саме завдяки повторюваності технологій виготовлення.


Ультразвукові системи візуалізації зазвичай включають не лише один перетворювач, а цілий їх масив, інтегрований в акустичну антену. У таких системах алгоритми формування УЗ променя виконуються шляхом введення затримок в тракти передачі або прийому електричних сигналів для кожного перетворювача (або їх групи) в масиві. Такі підходи можуть дати перевагу в отриманні ширшої смуги пропускання методами перекриття частотного спектру кількох перетворювачів з різними формами мембрани або формуванням одного каналу, який включає перетворювачі із суміжними резонансними частотами.


Електрична частина ультразвукової системи зазвичай складається трактів попередньої аналогової обробки і кінцевої цифрової обробки сигналів. Перший тракт слугує для накачування потужності в режимі випромінювання і попереднього підсилення відбитого сигналу в режимі прийому, тому включає в себе схеми драйверів, низькошумних підсилювачів, аналогових фільтрів та аналогово-цифрових перетворювачів (АЦП). Другий тракт використовується для керування режимами роботи АЦП і реалізує загальний алгоритм цифрової обробки сигналу. Засоби формування направленості у режимах прийому та випромінювання можуть бути реалізовані як цифровими, так і аналоговими методами.


Отже, у статті досліджено принципи розробки та виготовлення мікрооброблених ультразвукових перетворювачів, а також визначено основні принципи побудови аналогово-цифрових систем обробки сигналів, акцентуючи увагу на забезпеченні широкосмуговості пристроїв трактів прийому та передачі.

Блок інформації про статтю

Як цитувати
[1]
Р. Ю. Костюк і С. А. Найда, « Огляд мікрофабрикованих ультразвукових систем для біомедичних застосувань», Мікросист., Електрон. та Акуст., т. 29, вип. 2, с. 314787.1–314787.12, Сер 2024.
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